Dietary pattern as a predictor of multimorbidity patterns: A population-based cross-sectional study with women.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Multimorbidity is a common health condition, and the relationship between different patterns of multimorbidity and food consumption through dietary patterns needs to be determined. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary patterns and multimorbidity patterns in women. METHODS: This population-based cross-sectional study included 1128 women (aged 20-69 years) living in southern Brazil. We identified multimorbidity patterns using principal component analysis, and the main exposure of the study was three dietary patterns, as derived in a previous study: healthy, risk, and Brazilian patterns. Using Poisson regression with robust variance, the scores of multimorbidity patterns (high/low) were evaluated using different adjustment models. RESULTS: Three patterns of multimorbidity were derived: cardiometabolic (dyslipidemia, circulatory disorders, hypertension, diabetes), endocrine-articular (thyroid diseases, osteoporosis/osteopenia, rheumatic diseases), and psychosomatic (chronic pain, common mental disorders, acid-related digestive disorders). In the relationship between the dietary patterns and multimorbidity patterns, after adjustment, it was observed that a greater adherence to the Brazilian dietary pattern was associated with a lower probability of a high score for the cardiometabolic pattern (PR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.51-0.89) and psychosomatic pattern (PR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.47-0.84). Greater adherence to the healthy dietary pattern was associated with a higher probability of a high score for the cardiometabolic pattern (PR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.27-2.25) and endocrine-articular pattern (PR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.39-3.02). The risk dietary pattern did not demonstrate an association after adjustment was implemented. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first evidence of an association between dietary patterns and multimorbidity patterns. Greater adherence to the Brazilian dietary pattern was a protective factor for a high score for the cardiometabolic and psychosomatic pattern in women. Dietary orientation should be considered in guidelines related to multimorbidity, constituting part of the prevention and management strategies for this condition.

Dietary patterns and prevalence of multimorbidity in women in southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary patterns and prevalence of multimorbidity in women. METHODS: This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 and included 1,128 women aged 20 to 69 years living in the urban area of São Leopoldo municipality, southern Brazil. Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of two or more chronic conditions, among the 26 identified. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to investigate the association between the three dietary patterns (healthy, risk, and Brazilian), using different models adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioral, and nutritional status variables. RESULTS: The results showed differences in the prevalence of adherence to different dietary patterns and multimorbidity across age groups, with a prevalence of multimorbidity and a healthy dietary pattern showing a direct linear trend with age, whereas the risk dietary pattern showed an inverse linear trend with age. The prevalence of the Brazilian dietary pattern remained constant despite differences in age. After adjustment, we found that women with greater adherence to the Brazilian dietary pattern showed a 40% reduction in the prevalence of multimorbidity compared with those with less adherence (prevalence ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.40-0.86). CONCLUSION: The results revealed that the prevalence of multimorbidity was significantly lower in women with greater adherence to the Brazilian dietary pattern and highlight the importance of dietary interventions in early adulthood as a way to prevent multimorbidity in women.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration among users of a referral outpatient unit for vascular diseases and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: Assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration and associated factors among users of a referral outpatient unit for vascular diseases in Southern Brazil. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study conducted for almost one year, from March 2016 to January 2017. The serum vitamin D level was determined biochemically and classified as: sufficient (>50 nmol/L), insufficient (30-50 nmol/L) and deficient (<30 nmol/L). Associations were tested through multiple linear regression. SETTING: At a reference outpatient clinic specialized in vascular diseases located in a southern Brazilian medium-sized city (latitude 29°S). SUBJECTS: Consecutive sample of 133 individuals of both sexes, aged at least 40 years. RESULTS: The mean serum 25OHD concentration was 54.9 ± 25.9 nmol/L (57.7 ± 27.9 nmol/L for men; 52.2 ± 24.2 nmol/L for women, p = 0.267). A total of 12.8% of the participants had vitamin D deficiency and 32.3% had insufficiency. Regarding the total sample, variables associated to the serum 25OHD concentration were: age (ß = -0.55; CI95% -0.95; -0.17), sun exposure (ß = 1.22; CI95% 0.32; 2.10) and vitamin D intake (ß = 7.29; CI95% 2.10; 12.48). Among men, a significant association was observed for age (ß = -0.82; CI95% -1.47; -0.17, p = 0.015) and borderline for sun exposure (ß = 1.22; CI95% 0.32; 2.10, p = 0.053). Among women, only vitamin D intake was significantly associated with serum concentration of this vitamin (ß = 8.74; CI95% 1.32; 16.17, p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: Although the mean 25OHD concentration was greater than 50 nmol/L, about 45% of this consecutive sample presented poor vitamin D nutritional status. Unadjusted for seasonality, factors associated with serum 25OHD concentration were age and sun exposure among men and vitamin D intake among women.

Identification of dietary patterns by principal component analysis in schoolchildren in the South of Brazil and associated factors / Identificação de padrões alimentares por análise de componentes principais em escolares do sul do Brasil e fatores associados

Abstract Objectives: to identify dietary patterns (DP) and associated factors in first grade school-children in elementary schools in the South of Brazil. Methods: school-based cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 782 schoolchildren aged 6 to 8. Food intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. DP were identified using the principal component analysis and the prevalence ratios were obtained by Poisson regression with a robust variance. Results: four DP were identified and accounted for 25.3% of the total variance: "fruit, vegetables and fish" (8.5%), "sweets and salty snacks" (7.0%), "dairy, ham and biscuits" (5.0%) and "common Brazilian food" (4.8%). After the adjustment, breakfast habit and lower frequency of meals in front of a screen increased the probability of adherence to a high consumption of DP of "fruit, vegetables and fish". The maternal schooling level was linearly and inversely associated with DP of "sweets and salty snacks" and "common Brazilian food", and positively related to the DP of "dairy, ham and biscuits". Schoolchildren with food inse-curity and sufficiently active had higher probability of adherence to DP of "common Brazilian food". Conclusions: four DP were identified and associated with food insecurity, maternal socioeconomic characteristics and schoolchildren's behavioral characteristics.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar padrões alimentares (PA) e fatores associados em escolares do primeiro ano do ensino fundamental de escolas municipais do sul do Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal, de base escolar, com uma amostra não-probabilística de 782 escolares, de 6 a 8 anos. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada por questionário de frequência alimentar. Os PA foram identificados através da análise de componentes princi-pais e razões de prevalência foram obtidas por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: foram identificados quatro PA que explicaram 25.3% da variância total: "frutas, verduras e peixe" (8,5%), "doces e salgadinhos" (7.0%); "laticínios, presunto e biscoitos" (5.0%) e "comum brasileiro" (4.8%). Após ajuste, hábito de realizar desjejum e baixa frequência de refeições em frente à tela aumentaram a probabilidade de adesão ao consumo elevado do PA "frutas, verduras e peixe". Escolaridade materna associou-se linear-mente e inversamente com o PA "doces e salgadinhos" e "comum brasileiro", e positiva-mente com o PA "laticínios, presunto e biscoitos". Escolares com insegurança alimentar e suficientemente ativos apresentaram maior probabilidade de adesão ao PA "comum brasileiro". Conclusões: identificaram-se quatro PA e foram observadas associações com insegu-rança alimentar, características socioeconômicas maternas e características comportamen-tais dos escolares.

Sedentary behavior across different domains among adult women in the south of Brazil: a population based study. / Comportamento sedentário em diferentes domínios de mulheres adultas do sul do Brasil: um estudo de base populacional.

The aim of this study was to describe sedentary behavior (SB) across leisure, occupation, and transport domains and determine factors associated with excessive sedentary behavior (ESB). Cross-sectional survey with a representative sample of 1,126 women aged 20-69 years living in São Leopoldo/RS. SB, demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral and health factors data were collected using a questionnaire administered by interviewers. The cut-off point for ESB was defined as the median. Associations were tested using Poisson regression with robust error variance. The medians and interquartile intervals (min/day) for leisure, occupation, and transport SB were 163.9(86.6-2710.5), 51.4(0-257.1), and 17.1(5.7-37.3), respectively. The likelihood of leisure SB increased with education level, was higher among women who were not employed, lived in household without children, and smokers. In other domains, there was an inverse association between age, being white, economic class, education level, and income and ESB. Direct association between living in a household with a car and excessive transport SB and women who were not employed were 30% less likely to engage in ESB in this domain. The predominant domain in Total SB was leisure. Associations differed across domains, indicating that domain-specific interventions should be implemented in addressing excessive SB.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o comportamento sedentário (CS) nos domínios lazer, ocupação e deslocamento e verificar fatores associados ao excesso deste comportamento (ECS). Estudo transversal, com amostra representativa de 1.126 mulheres, 20-69 anos, de São Leopoldo/RS. CS, variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, comportamentais e relacionada à saúde foram avaliados através de questionário, aplicado em forma de entrevista. Considerou-se ECS valores acima da mediana. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. As medianas e intervalos interquartílicos (min/dia), para o CS no lazer, ocupação e deslocamento foram, respectivamente, 163,9 (86,6-2710,5), 51,4 (0-257,1) e 17,1 (5,7-37,3). A probabilidade do ECS no lazer aumentou com a escolaridade, foi maior entre as mulheres que não trabalhavam, sem crianças em casa e fumantes. Nos demais domínios, a probabilidade aumentou inversamente com a idade, foi maior entre mulheres brancas e aumentou com a classe econômica, escolaridade e renda. A probabilidade de ECS no deslocamento também aumentou com o número de carros no domicílio e foi 30% menor entre mulheres que não trabalhavam. O maior tempo de CS observado foi no domínio do lazer. As associações diferiram segundo o domínio, indicando distintas intervenções.

Comportamento sedentário em diferentes domínios de mulheres adultas do sul do Brasil: um estudo de base populacional / Sedentary behavior across different domains among adult women in the south of Brazil: a population based study

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o comportamento sedentário (CS) nos domínios lazer, ocupação e deslocamento e verificar fatores associados ao excesso deste comportamento (ECS). Estudo transversal, com amostra representativa de 1.126 mulheres, 20-69 anos, de São Leopoldo/RS. CS, variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, comportamentais e relacionada à saúde foram avaliados através de questionário, aplicado em forma de entrevista. Considerou-se ECS valores acima da mediana. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. As medianas e intervalos interquartílicos (min/dia), para o CS no lazer, ocupação e deslocamento foram, respectivamente, 163,9 (86,6-2710,5), 51,4 (0-257,1) e 17,1 (5,7-37,3). A probabilidade do ECS no lazer aumentou com a escolaridade, foi maior entre as mulheres que não trabalhavam, sem crianças em casa e fumantes. Nos demais domínios, a probabilidade aumentou inversamente com a idade, foi maior entre mulheres brancas e aumentou com a classe econômica, escolaridade e renda. A probabilidade de ECS no deslocamento também aumentou com o número de carros no domicílio e foi 30% menor entre mulheres que não trabalhavam. O maior tempo de CS observado foi no domínio do lazer. As associações diferiram segundo o domínio, indicando distintas intervenções.

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe sedentary behavior (SB) across leisure, occupation, and transport domains and determine factors associated with excessive sedentary behavior (ESB). Cross-sectional survey with a representative sample of 1,126 women aged 20-69 years living in São Leopoldo/RS. SB, demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral and health factors data were collected using a questionnaire administered by interviewers. The cut-off point for ESB was defined as the median. Associations were tested using Poisson regression with robust error variance. The medians and interquartile intervals (min/day) for leisure, occupation, and transport SB were 163.9(86.6-2710.5), 51.4(0-257.1), and 17.1(5.7-37.3), respectively. The likelihood of leisure SB increased with education level, was higher among women who were not employed, lived in household without children, and smokers. In other domains, there was an inverse association between age, being white, economic class, education level, and income and ESB. Direct association between living in a household with a car and excessive transport SB and women who were not employed were 30% less likely to engage in ESB in this domain. The predominant domain in Total SB was leisure. Associations differed across domains, indicating that domain-specific interventions should be implemented in addressing excessive SB.

Vitamin D serum levels and peripheral arterial disease among southern Brazilian adults.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between low serum vitamin D levels and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a consecutive sample of 133 individuals from Caxias do Sul, Brasil. We considered PAD patients those with an ankle-brachial index (ABI) ≤ 0.90 or with arterial revascularization. Vitamin D serum level was categorized as sufficient (≥30 ng/mL), insufficient (>20 to 29 ng/mL), and deficient (<20 ng/mL). Prevalence ratios (RP) were calculated through Poisson regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of PAD was 50.7% (95% CI 42-59). After adjustment for potential PAD risk factors, RP were 1.08 (95% CI 0.66-1.76) for insufficient serum level and 1.57 (95% CI 0.96-2.57) for deficient vitamin D serum level; (p for trend = 0.020). CONCLUSION: Vitamin D serum levels showed an inverse and significant dose-response relationship with PAD.

Vitamin D serum levels and peripheral arterial disease among southern Brazilian adults

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between low serum vitamin D levels and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). METHODS A cross-sectional study with a consecutive sample of 133 individuals from Caxias do Sul, Brasil. We considered PAD patients those with an ankle-brachial index (ABI) ≤ 0.90 or with arterial revascularization. Vitamin D serum level was categorized as sufficient (≥30 ng/mL), insufficient (>20 to 29 ng/mL), and deficient (<20 ng/mL). Prevalence ratios (RP) were calculated through Poisson regression. RESULTS The prevalence of PAD was 50.7% (95% CI 42-59). After adjustment for potential PAD risk factors, RP were 1.08 (95% CI 0.66-1.76) for insufficient serum level and 1.57 (95% CI 0.96-2.57) for deficient vitamin D serum level; (p for trend = 0.020). CONCLUSION Vitamin D serum levels showed an inverse and significant dose-response relationship with PAD.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar a associação entre níveis séricos de vitamina D e doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP). MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, com amostra consecutiva de 133 indivíduos. Foram considerados com DAOP pacientes com índice tornozelo braquial ≤ 0,90 ou com revascularização arterial. O nível sérico de vitamina D foi classificado em: suficiente (≥30 ng/mL), insuficiente (>20 a 29 ng/mL) e deficiente (<20 ng/mL). Razões de Prevalência (RP) foram calculadas por meio de regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS A prevalência de DAOP foi de 50,7% (IC95% 42-59). Após ajuste para potenciais fatores de risco para DAOP, as RP foram de 1,08 (IC95% 0,66-1,76) para nível sérico insuficiente e de 1,57 (IC95% 0,96-2,57) para o nível sérico deficiente de vitamina D; (p para tendência = 0,020). CONCLUSÃO O nível sérico de vitamina D mostrou uma relação dose/resposta inversa e significativa com DAOP.

Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade e fatores associados em mulheres de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul: um estudo de base populacional / Prevalence of overweight and obesity and associated factors in women of São Leopoldo/RS - Population-based study

Resumo Introdução O sobrepeso e a obesidade são multicausais, porém seus determinantes ainda não foram completamente estudados. Objetivo Estimar a prevalência de sobrepeso e de obesidade e os fatores associados. Método Estudo transversal de base populacional com 981 mulheres (20 a 60 anos) de São Leopoldo/RS. O peso e a altura foram aferidos para o cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Mulheres com IMC entre 25,0 e 29,9 kg/m2 e IMC ≥ 30,0 kg/m2 foram classificadas com sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente. As razões de prevalência e os intervalos de confiança de 95% foram estimados por meio de regressão de Poisson. Resultados A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 33% (IC95%: 30,1-36,0) e de obesidade foi de 31,2% (IC95%: 28,3-34,1). Após ajuste, maiores probabilidades de sobrepeso ocorreram em mulheres mais velhas, pertencentes às classes econômicas mais baixas, casadas ou em união, com histórico de obesidade materna e com uma ou mais gestações. As maiores probabilidades de obesidade ocorreram em mulheres mais velhas, de baixa renda, com histórico de obesidade materna e paterna e com três ou quatro gestações. Menarca acima de 12 anos e prática de atividade física de lazer foram fatores de proteção para a obesidade. Conclusão Esses resultados evidenciam a necessidade de ações de prevenção de longo prazo, algumas delas envolvendo ações transgeracionais.

Abstract Background Overweight and obesity are multicausal; however, their determinants have not been fully studied. Objective To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity and associated factors. Method A population-based cross-sectional study with 981 women (20-60 years) from São Leopoldo/RS was carried out. Weight and height were measured by the calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI). Women with a BMI between 25.0-29.9kg/m2 and a BMI ≥30.0kg/m2 were classified as overweight and obese, respectively. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression. Results The prevalence of overweight was 33.0% (95%CI: 30.1-36.0) and obesity was 31.2% (95%CI: 28.3-34.1). After adjustment, higher probabilities of overweight occurred in older women, from lower economic classes, married or in union, with a history of maternal obesity and with one or more pregnancies. The highest probabilities of obesity occurred in older women, from low-income, with a history of maternal and paternal obesity and with three or four pregnancies. Menarche over 12 years old and leisure-time physical activity were protective factors for obesity. Conclusion These results highlighted the need for long-term prevention actions, some involving transgenerational actions.

Alimentação saudável na infância: representações sociais de famílias e crianças em idade escolar / Healthy eating in childhood: Social representations of families and children in school age

O estudo investigou as representações sociais sobre alimentação saudável de famílias e crianças em idade escolar. Foi um estudo de casos múltiplos, com entrevistas semiestruturadas e desenhos. Participaram oito famílias de classe socioeconômica média e baixa, cinco com condições de segurança e três de insegurança alimentar. A análise revelou que a alimentação do campo, na infância dos pais, foi uma época difícil, porém, considerada mais saudável. Embora as famílias expressassem concepções normatizadas de alimentação saudável, várias forças, proximais e distais, tencionavam suas práticas atuais em outra direção. O acesso fácil a alimentos pouco saudáveis e as restrições financeiras, se somavam a vida corrida das famílias e a significados prazerosos associados as "porcarias/besteiras" como modo de sair da rotina. Os achados apontam que as representações sobre alimentação saudável abarcam diferentes contextos de sociabilidade da criança e são atravessados pelo contexto histórico e cultural das famílias, desafiando noções baseadas no conhecimento formal.

The study investigated social representations about healthy eating of families and children in school-age. It was a multiple study-case, using semi-structured interviews and children's drawings. Participated eight families from middle and low socioeconomic class, among whom five had food safety and three had unsafe food indicators. The analysis revealed that the history of countryside eating habits was remembered by parents as a difficult time, but considered healthier. Although families pointed toward a normalized healthy eating discourse, both proximal and distal strengths push their actual eating habits on other direction. The easy access to unhealthy foods and financial constraints were linked with the busy life and the pleasure associated with "junk food" consumption as a way out of routine and to get satisfaction. These findings indicate the representations about healthy eating embrace different child's sociability contexts and are influenced by the families' historical and cultural context, challenging notions based on formal knowledge.

Dietary patterns and their association with sociodemographic and behavioral factors: 2015 Women's Health Research, São Leopoldo (RS). / Padrões alimentares e sua associação com fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais: Pesquisa Saúde da Mulher 2015, São Leopoldo (RS).

INTRODUCTION: Dietary patterns may be more predictive of disease risk than individual nutrients or foods. OBJECTIVE: To identify dietary patterns and associated factors among adult women. METHOD: Population-based cross-sectional study with 1,128 women, aged 20 to 69 years, living in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul. Food intake was assessed with a frequency questionnaire. The principal component analysis identified dietary patterns. We estimated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios using Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: Threedietary patterns - responsible for 25.8% of the total variance - were identified: healthy (fruits, vegetables, and whole foods); risk (ultra-processed foods); and Brazilian (rice and beans). The healthy pattern showed the largest percentage of explained variation (11.62%). The probability of adherence to the healthy pattern increased linearly with age and schooling and was higher among ex-smokers [prevalence ratio (PR)=1.22; confidence interval of 95% (95%CI) 1.04 - 1.42]. Younger women and those with better schooling had more chances of adhering to the risk pattern. The probability of adherence to the Brazilian pattern increased as schooling decreased and was higher among non-white women (PR = 1.29; 95%CI 1.04- 1.59). CONCLUSIONS: While adherence to healthy and risk patterns behaved differently according to women's age, it was similar regarding schooling. Socioeconomic conditions defined adherence to the Brazilian pattern.

INTRODUÇÃO: Padrões alimentares parecem predizer melhor o risco de doenças do que nutrientes ou alimentos isoladamente. OBJETIVO: Identificar padrões alimentares e fatores associados em mulheres adultas. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com 1.128mulheres, de 20 a 69 anos de idade, de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de um questionário de frequência. Utilizou-se análise de componentes principais para identificação dos padrões alimentares. Razõesde prevalências brutas e ajustadas foram estimadas por meio de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados três padrões alimentares que explicaram 25,8% da variância total: saudável (frutas, vegetais e alimentos integrais); de risco (alimentos ultraprocessados); e brasileiro (arroz e feijão). Opadrão saudável apresentou o maior percentual de variância explicada (11,62%). A probabilidade de adesão ao padrão saudável aumentou linearmente com a idade e a escolaridade e foi maior em ex-fumantes (razão de prevalência - RP = 1,22; intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%) 1,04 - 1,42). Já mulheres mais jovens e com maior escolaridade tinham maior probabilidade de aderir ao padrão de risco. A probabilidade de adesão ao padrão brasileiro aumentou à medida que diminuiu a escolaridade e foi maior em mulheres de cor de pele não branca (RP = 1,29; IC95% 1,04 - 1,59). CONCLUSÕES: Enquanto a adesão aos padrões saudável e de risco comportou-se distintamente segundo a idade das mulheres, ela foi semelhante para a escolaridade. Já a adesão ao padrão brasileiro foi definida pelas condições socioeconômicas.

Neighbourhood environment and transport-related and leisure-time sedentary behaviour amongst women in a city in Southern Brazil: a multilevel analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between neighbourhood environmental variables and excessive transport-related and leisure-time sedentary behaviour (ETSB and ELSB, respectively) amongst adult women in Southern Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a representative sample of 1079 women 20 to 69 years of age who lived in 44 neighbourhoods. Each neighbourhood was determined by drawing a 400-m buffer around the median point of the participants' homes. Neighbourhoods were assessed by audit and by using government data. Sedentary behaviour (SB) and the remaining individual variables were assessed via questionnaire that was administered as an interview. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted. RESULTS: In the adjusted analysis, women who lived in neighbourhoods with a higher percentage of terrain slope and fewer public recreation areas per resident had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased odds of exhibiting ETSB and ELSB, with 50% and 40% increases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that some aspects of the neighbourhood environment such as terrain slope and total public recreation areas per resident are related to specific SBs, indicating that improvements in neighbourhoods can reduce SB in women.

Padrões alimentares e sua associação com fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais: Pesquisa Saúde da Mulher 2015, São Leopoldo (RS) / Dietary patterns and their association with sociodemographic and behavioral factors: 2015 Women's Health Research, São Leopoldo (RS)

RESUMO: Introdução: Padrões alimentares parecem predizer melhor o risco de doenças do que nutrientes ou alimentos isoladamente. Objetivo: Identificar padrões alimentares e fatores associados em mulheres adultas. Método: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com 1.128mulheres, de 20 a 69 anos de idade, de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de um questionário de frequência. Utilizou-se análise de componentes principais para identificação dos padrões alimentares. Razõesde prevalências brutas e ajustadas foram estimadas por meio de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: Foram identificados três padrões alimentares que explicaram 25,8% da variância total: saudável (frutas, vegetais e alimentos integrais); de risco (alimentos ultraprocessados); e brasileiro (arroz e feijão). Opadrão saudável apresentou o maior percentual de variância explicada (11,62%). A probabilidade de adesão ao padrão saudável aumentou linearmente com a idade e a escolaridade e foi maior em ex-fumantes (razão de prevalência - RP = 1,22; intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%) 1,04 - 1,42). Já mulheres mais jovens e com maior escolaridade tinham maior probabilidade de aderir ao padrão de risco. A probabilidade de adesão ao padrão brasileiro aumentou à medida que diminuiu a escolaridade e foi maior em mulheres de cor de pele não branca (RP = 1,29; IC95% 1,04 - 1,59). Conclusões: Enquanto a adesão aos padrões saudável e de risco comportou-se distintamente segundo a idade das mulheres, ela foi semelhante para a escolaridade. Já a adesão ao padrão brasileiro foi definida pelas condições socioeconômicas.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Dietary patterns may be more predictive of disease risk than individual nutrients or foods. Objective: To identify dietary patterns and associated factors among adult women. Method: Population-based cross-sectional study with 1,128 women, aged 20 to 69 years, living in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul. Food intake was assessed with a frequency questionnaire. The principal component analysis identified dietary patterns. We estimated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios using Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: Threedietary patterns - responsible for 25.8% of the total variance - were identified: healthy (fruits, vegetables, and whole foods); risk (ultra-processed foods); and Brazilian (rice and beans). The healthy pattern showed the largest percentage of explained variation (11.62%). The probability of adherence to the healthy pattern increased linearly with age and schooling and was higher among ex-smokers [prevalence ratio (PR)=1.22; confidence interval of 95% (95%CI) 1.04 - 1.42]. Younger women and those with better schooling had more chances of adhering to the risk pattern. The probability of adherence to the Brazilian pattern increased as schooling decreased and was higher among non-white women (PR = 1.29; 95%CI 1.04- 1.59). Conclusions: While adherence to healthy and risk patterns behaved differently according to women's age, it was similar regarding schooling. Socioeconomic conditions defined adherence to the Brazilian pattern.

Dor musculoesquelética relacionada ao trabalho e sua associação com transtornos mentais comuns em trabalhadores de um frigorífico do Sul do Brasil / Work-related musculoskeletal pain and its association with common mental disorders among employees of a poultry producing company in Southern Brazil

Contexto: A dor musculoesquelética é um dos problemas ocupacionais mais comuns nas sociedades industrializadas, e sua prevalência é potencialmente associada à presença de transtornos mentais. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de dor musculoesquelética relacionada ao trabalho e sua associação com a presença de transtornos mentais comuns em trabalhadores de um frigorífico do Sul do Brasil. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com o total de 1.103 trabalhadores, de 18 a 52 anos de idade, em 2010. A dor musculoesquelética foi avaliada por meio de uma figura humana adaptada do Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares. Considerou-se o relato da presença de dor relacionada ao trabalho em qualquer região do corpo nos últimos 12 meses. A presença de transtornos mentais comuns foi determinada pelo Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Razões de prevalências (RP) brutas e ajustadas, com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%), foram obtidas mediante a regressão de Poisson. Resultados: A prevalência de dor musculoesquelética relacionada ao trabalho foi de 40,3% (IC95% 37,4­43,2) na amostra geral, 46,8% (IC95% 43,2­50,5) nas mulheres e 27,8% (IC95% 23,2­32,3) nos homens. Na análise bruta, trabalhadores com presença de transtornos mentais comuns apresentaram prevalência duas vezes maior de dor musculoesquelética relacionada ao trabalho quando comparados com aqueles sem transtornos (RP=2,27; IC95% 1,99­2,58). Esse efeito manteve-se significativo após o ajuste para variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentais, de saúde e ocupacionais. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo alertam para a importância de medidas visando à promoção da saúde física e mental dos trabalhadores em ações para reduzir a dor

Background: Musculoskeletal pain is one of the most common occupational problems in the industrial society and its prevalence is potentially associated with mental disorders. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal pain and its association with occurrence of common mental disorders among employees of a poultry processing company in Southern Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2010 with 1,103 employees aged 18 to 52 years old. Musculoskeletal pain was investigated based on a human figure adapted from the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. We considered reported work-related pain in any part of the body in the past 12 months. Occurrence of common mental disorders was assessed by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: The prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal pain was 40.3% (95%CI 37.4­43.2) for the total sample, 46.8% (95%CI 43.2­50.5) for women and 27.8% (95%CI 23.2­32.3) for men. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was twice higher for the participants with common mental disorders compared to those without this condition (PR=2.27; 95%CI 1.99­2.58). This effect remained significant after adjustment for sociodemographic, behavioral, health-related and occupational variables. Conclusion: The results of the present study point to the relevance of preventive measures to promote the mental and physical health of workers in order to reduce or minimize the occurrence of pain

Work-related musculoskeletal pain and its association with common mental disorders among employees of a poultry producing company in Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal pain is one of the most common occupational problems in the industrial society and its prevalence is potentially associated with mental disorders. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal pain and its association with occurrence of common mental disorders among employees of a poultry processing company in Southern Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2010 with 1,103 employees aged 18 to 52 years old. Musculoskeletal pain was investigated based on a human figure adapted from the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. We considered reported work-related pain in any part of the body in the past 12 months. Occurrence of common mental disorders was assessed- by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal pain was 40.3% (95%CI 37.4-43.2) for the total sample, 46.8% (95%CI 43.2-50.5) for women and 27.8% (95%CI 23.2-32.3) for men. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was twice higher for the participants with common mental disorders compared to those without this condition (PR=2.27; 95%CI 1.99-2.58). This effect remained significant after adjustment for sociodemographic, behavioral, health-related and occupational variables. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study point to the relevance of preventive measures to promote the mental and physical health of workers in order to reduce or minimize the occurrence of pain.

CONTEXTO: A dor musculoesquelética é um dos problemas ocupacionais mais comuns nas sociedades industrializadas, e sua prevalência é potencialmente associada à presença de transtornos mentais. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de dor musculoesquelética relacionada ao trabalho e sua associação com a presença de transtornos mentais comuns em trabalhadores de um frigorífico do Sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com o total de 1.103 trabalhadores, de 18 a 52 anos de idade, em 2010. A dor musculoesquelética foi avaliada por meio de uma figura humana adaptada do Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares. Considerou-se o relato da presença de dor relacionada ao trabalho em qualquer região do corpo nos últimos 12 meses. A presença de transtornos mentais comuns foi determinada pelo Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Razões de prevalências (RP) brutas e ajustadas, com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%), foram obtidas mediante a regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de dor musculoesquelética relacionada ao trabalho foi de 40,3% (IC95% 37,4-43,2) na amostra geral, 46,8% (IC95% 43,2-50,5) nas mulheres e 27,8% (IC95% 23,2-32,3) nos homens. Na análise bruta, trabalhadores com presença de transtornos mentais comuns apresentaram prevalência duas vezes maior de dor musculoesquelética relacionada ao trabalho quando comparados com aqueles sem transtornos (RP=2,27; IC95% 1,99-2,58). Esse efeito manteve-se significativo após o ajuste para variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentais, de saúde e ocupacionais. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo alertam para a importância de medidas visando à promoção da saúde física e mental dos trabalhadores em ações para reduzir a dor.

Sleep-related problems and minor psychiatric disorders among Brazilian shift workers.

The aim of this study was to explore the association between sleep-related problems with the occurrence of minor psychiatric disorders in shift workers of southern Brazil. A cross-sectional study with 1202 workers (785 females) aged 18-50 years was carried out. Minor psychiatric disorders were assessed using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), and four sleep problems were collected and analyzed: sleep deprivation (≤ 5h), difficulty falling asleep, waking up during sleep, and sleep medication use. Results show that the overall prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders was 26.8%, but it was more prevalent among females than males (30.2% vs. 20.4%). Nightshift work was significantly associated with the occurrence of sleep-related problems. After adjusting for confounding factors, the number of sleep-related problems showed a positive linear trend with psychiatric disorders in both sexes. Having two or more sleep-related problems was associated with increased probability of psychiatric disorders approximately three-fold among males and two-fold among females, when compared with those without sleep problems. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that sleep-related problems have a strong and independent association with psychiatric disorders among shift workers. Furthermore, the prevalence of both conditions was higher among females than males; however, the strength of these associations was higher in males.

Self-reported type 2 diabetes Mellitus is associated with abdominal obesity and poor perception of health in shift workers / Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 associada com obesidade abdominal e autopercepção de saúde em trabalhadores de turnos

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate factors that are associated with type 2 diabetes Mellitus in shift workers of a slaughterhouse in Southern Brazil. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1,194 18- to 50-year-old workers of both sexes. The presence of type 2 diabetes Mellitus was self-reported and confirmed by the use of hypoglycemic drugs or insulin. The independent variables were sex, age, skin color, marital status, education level, family income, leisure time physical activity, smoking, and self-reported health and nutritional status (body mass index and waist circumference). Multivariate analysis was performed from an a priori conceptual model. Results: The prevalence of diabetes was 1.3% (95%CI=0.6-1.9). Type 2 diabetes Mellitus was associated with poor or regular self-reported health (OR)=3.72; 95%CI=1.28-10.78) and level II abdominal obesity ³102 for men and ³88 for women (OR=5.76; 95%CI=1.07-29.10). Conclusion: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes Mellitus was low. Moreover, the study evidenced the importance of using waist circumference to surveil and screen for metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes Mellitus, and to monitor the low quality of life in the study individuals given the poor self-perceived health of workers with the said disease.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar os fatores associados à diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 em trabalhadores de turnos de frigorífico de frango no sul do Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 1.194 trabalhadores de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 50 anos. A presença de diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 foi avaliada por meio de autorrelato e confirmada pelo uso de medicação hipoglicemiante ou insulina. As variáveis independentes foram: sexo, idade, cor da pele, situação conjugal, escolaridade, renda familiar, atividade física de lazer, tabagismo, autopercepção de saúde e estado nutricional (índice de massa corporal e circunferência da cintura). Conduziu-se a análise multivariada, a partir de um modelo conceitual a priori. Resultados: A prevalência de diabetes foi de 1,3% (IC95%: 0,6-1,9). A diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 esteve associada à auto-percepção de saúde regular ou ruim (RO=3,72; IC 95% 1,28-10,78) e à obesidade abdominal nível II - ³ 102 para homens e ³88 para mulheres (RO=5,76 CI95%1,07-29,10). Conclusão: Foi encontrada baixa prevalência de diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Além disso, evidenciou-se a importância do uso da medida de circunferência da cintura na vigilância e rastreamento de doenças metabólicas, como é o caso da diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, bem como a vigilância da baixa qualidade de vida desses indivíduos, por meio da autopercepção de saúde ruim dos trabalhadores com a patologia em questão.

[Food insecurity and inadequate food intake among students of municipal schools, São Leopoldo, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. / Insegurança alimentar e consumo alimentar inadequado em escolares da rede municipal de São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil.

This research involves a school-based cross sectional study to evaluate the association between food insecurity (FI) and inadequate food intake (IFI), among 782 children (mean age of 6.9±0.5) of the 1st year of primary school in the municipal schools of São Leopoldo in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Data were gathered from mothers or guardians. FI was obtained through the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale, and food consumption using the food frequency questionnaire. Foods were classified as healthy eating markers (HEM) and unhealthy (UEM) and received scores according to intake frequency. HEM: 0 - 1 day - zero; 2 to 3 days - 0.25; 4 to 5 days - 0.75; 6 to 7 days - 1, and the reverse for the UEM. The scores could range from 0 to 25 (HEMS) and 0 to 19 (UEMS). A standardized total score (TS) was obtained [HEMS * (19/44) + UEMS * (25/44)] and could range from 0 to 22. The scores were categorized into terciles and the 1st considered IFI. The FI was 45.1% and the average scores were 5.9 (HEMS), 15.9 (UEMS) and 11.6 (TS). No association was found between IA and IFI. High IA and low food scores require intersectoral approaches to ensure access to food in quantity and quality appropriate for this population.

Insegurança alimentar e consumo alimentar inadequado em escolares da rede municipal de São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil / Food insecurity and inadequate food intake among students of municipal schools, São Leopoldo, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Resumo Estudo transversal, de base escolar, que avaliou insegurança alimentar (IA) e associação com consumo alimentar inadequado (CAI) em 782 escolares (6,9 ± 0,5 anos) do 1º ano do ensino fundamental das escolas municipais de São Leopoldo, RS. Os dados foram obtidos das mães/responsáveis. Mediu-se IA com a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar, e ingestão com questionário de frequência alimentar. Os alimentos foram classificados em marcadores de alimentação saudável (MAS) e não saudável (MANS) e receberam pontuação segundo a frequência de ingestão. MAS: 0 - 1 dia – zero; 2 a 3 dias – 0,25; 4 a 5 dias – 0,75; 6 a 7 dias – 1, sendo o inverso para os MANS. Os escores podiam variar de 0 a 25 (EMAS) e de 0 a 19 (EMANS). Um escore total (ET) padronizado foi obtido [EMAS*(19/44) + EMANS*(25/44)] e a pontuação podia variar de 0 a 22. Os escores foram categorizados em terços e o 1º considerado CAI. A IA foi de 45,1% e as pontuações médias foram 5,9 (EMAS), 15,9 (EMANS) e 11,6 (ET). Não se identificou associação entre IA e CAI. IA elevada e baixos escores alimentares exigem ações intersetoriais para garantir acesso à alimentação em quantidade e qualidade adequadas nesta população.

Abstract This research involves a school-based cross sectional study to evaluate the association between food insecurity (FI) and inadequate food intake (IFI), among 782 children (mean age of 6.9±0.5) of the 1st year of primary school in the municipal schools of São Leopoldo in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Data were gathered from mothers or guardians. FI was obtained through the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale, and food consumption using the food frequency questionnaire. Foods were classified as healthy eating markers (HEM) and unhealthy (UEM) and received scores according to intake frequency. HEM: 0 - 1 day - zero; 2 to 3 days - 0.25; 4 to 5 days - 0.75; 6 to 7 days - 1, and the reverse for the UEM. The scores could range from 0 to 25 (HEMS) and 0 to 19 (UEMS). A standardized total score (TS) was obtained [HEMS * (19/44) + UEMS * (25/44)] and could range from 0 to 22. The scores were categorized into terciles and the 1st considered IFI. The FI was 45.1% and the average scores were 5.9 (HEMS), 15.9 (UEMS) and 11.6 (TS). No association was found between IA and IFI. High IA and low food scores require intersectoral approaches to ensure access to food in quantity and quality appropriate for this population.

Uso de medidas autorreferidas de peso e altura na determinação do estado nutricional de trabalhadores / Use of self-reported weight and height for determining workers' nutritional status

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o uso de medidas autorreferidas de peso e altura na avaliação do estado nutricional de trabalhadores de um frigorífico do Sul do Brasil. Métodos Foi conduzido um estudo transversal, com 902 trabalhadores com idade entre 18 e 50 anos. As variáveis so-ciodemográficas, assim como peso e altura autorreferidos foram obtidos por um questionário pré-testado e padronizado. Posteriormente, foram aferidos peso e altura, calculado o índice de massa corporal e classificado o estado nutricional. Foi utilizada a estatística de Bland-Altman para determinar as diferenças médias e os limites de concordância entre medidas autorreferidas e aferidas. O percentual de concordância na classificação do estado nutricional foi avaliado de acordo com o sexo, idade e escolaridade dos trabalhadores. Resultados A diferença média da altura autorreferida, em relação à aferida, foi de 0,55 cm (limite inferior; limite superior: -7,41; 6,29) (p<0,001) e o do índice de massa corporal foi - 0,14 (limite inferior; limite superior: -2,72; 2,99) (p=0,005). Com relação ao diagnóstico nutricional, o excesso de peso foi subestimado em 12,4% entre as mulheres, 9,6% entre os mais velhos (³32 anos) e 7,2% entre os menos escolarizados. Conclusão A utilização de medidas autorreferidas para avaliação do estado nutricional em trabalhadores deve ser realizada com atenção, principalmente em indivíduos cujos relatos têm a tendência ao erro, como mulheres e trabalhadores com maior idade e menor escolaridade.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the use of self-reported weight and height for determining the nutritional status of workers from a poultry-processing plant in Southern Brazil. Methods This cross-sectional study included 902 workers aged 18-50 years. Sociodemographic variables, weight, and height were collected by a pretested and standardized questionnaire. Body mass index was then calculated for nutritional status classification. The Bland-Altman plot measured the difference and the limits of agreement between the self-reported and measured weights, heights, and body mass indices. The percentage of agreement in nutritional status classification was evaluated by workers' sex, age, and education level. Results The mean differences between the self-reported and measured heights and body mass indices were 0.55 cm (lower-b; upper-b: -7.41; 6.29) (p<0.001); and -0.14 kg/m2 (lower-b; upper-b: -2.72; 2.99) (p=0.005), respectively. Excess weight was underestimated in 12.4% of the women, 7.2% of the workers with low education level, and 9.6% of the older workers (³32 years old). Conclusion Self-reported measures should be used carefully for evaluating nutritional status in workers, mainly in subjects who tend to misreport, such as women, older workers, and workers with lower education level.